Le livre « L’énergie solaire et photovoltaïque pour le particulier » par Emmanuel Riolet est un petit guide pratique pour comprendre l’énergie solaire et réussir à faire ses propres montages.
Fiche de lecture
- Avant de se lancer
- Le photovoltaïque
- Le solaire thermique
- Les traqueurs solaires
Pose de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques.
Avant de se lancer
L’énergie solaire est une énergie propre et renouvelable qui peut couvrir l’intégralité de nos besoins. A l’aide d’une bonne information sur le sujet, vous pourrez réaliser de très grosses économies sur vos factures d’électricité et de chauffage tout en y gagnant au niveau de votre confort.
Pour être sûr de bien choisir vos panneaux, fiez-vous aux normes internationales et européennes et choisissez un bon compromis rendements/prix. En vous y prenant ainsi, vous réaliserez un bon investissement qui vous rendra au grand minimum service pendant une bonne vingtaine d’années.
Le photovoltaïque
L’effet photovoltaïque consiste à transformer la lumière en électricité : ce phénomène apparaît lorsqu’un matériau semi-conducteur absorbe des photons, émis par la lumière, qui lui permettent de produire une tension électrique. Un panneau solaire est composé de plusieurs cellules photovoltaïques reliées entre elles en série ou en parallèle. Plus la puissance des cellules est grande et plus leur nombre est élevé, plus les panneaux produisent.
Le fonctionnement d’un panneau solaire photovoltaïque.
Les vitres des modules sont la plupart du temps étudiés pour que la saleté ne s’y fixe pas. S’il fait nuit, votre installation ne produira rien du tout. Si le ciel est nuageux, elle produira plus ou moins en fonction de la lumière que le ciel laisse passer. Les panneaux sont conçus pour résister à de fortes chutes de grêle et leur installation n’augmente pas le risque que la foudre s’abatte sur un bâtiment. Il n’y a pas vraiment de maintenance à prévoir si ce n’est de vérifier une fois par an le rendement global de l’installation pour détecter un éventuel dysfonctionnement.
Les panneaux cristallins et polycristallins sont composés de plusieurs cellules reliées en série tandis que les panneaux amorphes sont constitués d’une seule couche mince de substrat à base de silicium, ce qui explique leur limite de puissance. De plus, les panneaux cristallins perdent progressivement de la puissance tout au long de leur vie.
Une installation classique de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques.
Les meilleures performances absolues imposent les panneaux monocristallins. Le meilleur rapport qualité/prix pour la puissance est offert par les polycristallins. Le meilleur rapport qualité/prix pour les petites installations revient aux amorphes. La solution idéale pour les applications nomades implique les panneaux souples.
Pour une utilisation directe du courant continu, il vous faut un ou plusieurs panneaux, un régulateur et une ou plusieurs batteries. Faites attention, l’utilisation du courant continu demande des câbles de section adaptée. Pour une installation de 230 V, il vous faut un ou plusieurs panneaux, un régulateur, une ou plusieurs batteries et un onduleur.
Dans les deux cas, si vous utilisez plusieurs batteries, utiliser un coupleur/séparateur pour les relier entre elles.
Si vous utilisez plusieurs panneaux, vous pouvez prévoir un régulateur par panneau et mettre des diodes anti-retour sur le circuit. C’est un peu plus cher, mais vous êtes sûrs de ne jamais être privé d’électricité si un élément de la chaîne devient défaillant.
Le solaire thermique
Les capteurs utilisent la chaleur du rayonnement solaire pour chauffer de l’eau ou de l’air. Plus leur technologie est élaborée, plus ils sont capables de monter en température. En France, selon les régions, il est possible de couvrir au minimum plus de 50 % de ses besoins en eau chaude et en chauffage par ce procédé.
Il existe trois types d’installation :
- Le chauffe-eau solaire monobloc : tout est compris dans un seul bloc, il ne reste plus qu’à l’orienter plein sud.
- Le chauffe-eau solaire à thermosiphon en partie séparé : la pose est simplifiée car il n’y a pas besoin de circulateur. Le ballon échangeur est placé à l’intérieur de la maison et obligatoirement plus haut que les panneaux.
- Le chauffe-eau solaire à circulation forcée : solution la plus répandue en France, on utilise une pompe électrique pour faire circuler l’eau dans le circuit.
Installer son chauffe-eau solaire.
Les rayons du soleil chauffent l’eau qui circule dans le capteur. L’eau chauffée par le soleil circule ensuite dans le ballon de stockage, se comportant ainsi comme une résistance électrique.
Les installations basées sur la technique du thermosiphon ne demandent qu’à vérifier de temps en temps la pression et le niveau du fluide. En revanche, celles basées sur un système à circulation forcée devront être davantage surveillées au niveau des capteurs, de la pompe et de la pression et du niveau de fluide. La durée de vie d’un chauffe-eau solaire est comprise entre 20 et 30 ans.
Les chauffe-eau d’appoint.
Il existe trois familles de capteurs qui utilisent des technologies bien distinctes :
- Les capteurs simplifiés : il n’y a qu’un absorbeur de couleur noire qui élève la température.
- Les capteurs plans : se composent d’un caisson étanche recouvert d’une vitre dans lequel repose un radiateur.
- Les capteurs à tubes : technique la plus performante, ils sont remplis d’un peu d’eau qui se transforme en vapeur sous l’effet de la chaleur. Ce gaz monte naturellement à l’extrémité du tube où se loge une sorte de résistance qui est au contact de l’eau en circulation.
Le concept du mur capteur.
L’énergie solaire passive est l’art de bien penser son habitat de façon à ce qu’il soit le moins gourmand possible en énergie. Une maison passive peut permettre de réaliser jusqu’à 80 % d’économies de chauffage par rapport à une conception que l’on considère hélas comme « normale ».
Avant de vouloir équiper votre maison en énergie solaire renouvelable, pensez à l’optimiser pour cet usage.
Tableau des facteurs d’inclinaison des panneaux.
Les traqueurs solaires
Avec une installation photovoltaïque, l’utilisation de traqueurs solaires permet un gain de production de 60%. Avec une installation fixe, on dispose son système solaire de façon à trouver le meilleur compromis de rendement. Le traqueur solaire se charge de suivre le soleil dans sa course. Malheureusement, il souffre bien souvent d’un tarif trop élevé. Ceux qui s’y connaissent en électronique n’auront aucune difficulté à s’en confectionner un, les autres pourront trouver aisément la partie électronique en kit ou déjà assemblée sur Internet. Il ne reste plus qu’à monter son ou ses panneaux sur un châssis qui viendra se fixer sur un moteur électrique.
Un traqueur consomme du courant pour s’orienter mais sa consommation est négligeable face aux gains de rendement. En moyenne, les modèles du commerce sont capables de résister à des vents de plus de 160 km/h. L’idéal est de placer des panneaux photovoltaïques et des panneaux capteurs d’eau chaude ensembles sur ce dispositif.
Vous pouvez vous procurer le livre sur :
- Amazon : https://amzn.to/2IvuGpV
- La librairie Eyrolles : https://www.eyrolles.com/BTP/Livre/l-energie-solaire-et-photovoltaique-pour-le-particulier-9782212126785/?ae=60
Sommaire
Remerciements
Partie 1 Introduction
- Chapitre 1 – Avant-propos
- Chapitre 2 – Une énergie pour plusieurs utilisations
Partie 2 – Le photovoltaïque
- Chapitre 3 – Généralités sur le photovoltaïque
- Chapitre 4 – Les différents types de panneaux photovoltaïques
- Chapitre 5-Installation des panneaux
- Chapitre 6 Étude de cas réaliser soi-même
- Une pile solaire
Partie 3 Le solaire thermique
- Chapitre 7- Le fonctionnement
- Chapitre 8 – Les différents types de capteurs
- Chapitre 9 – Installer son chauffe-eau solaire
- Chapitre 10 – Le solaire passif
- Chapitre 11 – Quelques réalisations
Partie 4 – Les traqueurs solaires
- Chapitre 12 – Le principe des traqueurs solaires
- Epilogue
Partie 5 – Annexes
- Les aides possibles
- La carte d’ensoleillement
- Les bonnes adresses
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